tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64492651019198822682024-03-13T14:06:33.912-07:00humboldt jayWhat began as a stream of consciousness accounting of my research cruise offshore Sumatera,,, and is now a place where I discuss the research cruises that I participate on. My main website is http://earthjay.comchicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.comBlogger110125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-1631739812587421902016-11-21T02:16:00.000-08:002016-11-21T02:19:17.497-08:00Last Night on the R/V Tangaroa<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oKKBw0XSe_c/WDLKJVN5EXI/AAAAAAAAAok/b_Mn9mm00qMXvBqq1u1WFhI0m7HReNnFwCK4B/s1600/NZ_study_plan_20161121-757498.jpg"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oKKBw0XSe_c/WDLKJVN5EXI/AAAAAAAAAok/b_Mn9mm00qMXvBqq1u1WFhI0m7HReNnFwCK4B/s320/NZ_study_plan_20161121-757498.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6355364285836235122" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw1IVrpAHvc/WDLKJl9yobI/AAAAAAAAAos/dR_tqlEsueYlV9We4YbwsTiyvpJ5XxPfACK4B/s1600/TAN1613_science_crew-758415.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw1IVrpAHvc/WDLKJl9yobI/AAAAAAAAAos/dR_tqlEsueYlV9We4YbwsTiyvpJ5XxPfACK4B/s320/TAN1613_science_crew-758415.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6355364290332107186" /></a></p>2016.11.21
<br>Last Night on the R/V Tangaroa
<br>We are in the throes of the last moments of our cruise. Our coring team started the day by describing our final core of the cruise, followed by a scrubbing of the shipping container we called our laboratory for the past two weeks. We packed up all the remaining samples and conducted a white glove test. All samples have been entered in to the proper databases for the officials from New Zealand that concern themselves with these matters. There is a very strict accountability for all samples collected while aboard the cruise and it is vitally important (perhaps litigiously) to have these databases and samples in perfect order.
<br> 
<br>We have been working diligently to prepare the cruise report and materials for a press release to be presented at NIWA tomorrow. Drs. Barnes and Howarth will be interviewed by the press following their presentations on the science. The cruise report summarizes the scope of this project, our preliminary findings, and potential future research prospects.
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<br>We initially set out to collect data in the hopes of developing an earthquake chronology for prehistoric subduction zone ruptures. To this end will require a number of collaborative efforts with a range of topics that will include sediment routing studies, provenance analyses, physical sedimentology studies, radiometric age analyses, and tephra studies (including chronology). While aboard the R/V Tangaroa, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of M 7.8 that triggered slip on multiple fault systems (at least 5 other faults have been documented to have ruptured to the surface). This earthquake series is interesting in many ways and I will write more on this later on my earthquake blog at <a href="http://earthjay.com">earthjay.com</a>. Needless to say, there was impetus to modify our science plans in response to this large earthquake. This was obvious to all on board. There was also interest from NIWA and GNS to respond
<br>to the earthquake in some way.
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<br>For the earthquake response, we decided to collect additional cores to supplement cores that already existed and to supplement cores that we had planned to collect. We also decided to collect shallow seismic data and multibeam bathymetric data to search for submarine surface rupture of the fault(s) involved in this complex earthquake.
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<br>I will present some of our initial findings after our press release tomorrow. People with telepathic abilities may be able to tell what I will post about. People without telepathic abilities might also forecast what my post may include.
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<br>It has truly been a pleasure and an honor to be at sea with this fine science crew. I have learned lots from them and I hope this has been mutual. We have lots of work to do to in the next few years, but I look forward to this with enthusiasm. I include a photo of the science crew above, as well as a map showing the core sites for the 61 cores we collected. I will post the cruise report when it is completed.
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<br>For the map, I include several inset figures. In the upper left corner is a map showing the recent seismicity in this region as produced by Geonet and posted to Twitter. In the upper right corner is a map showing the general tectonic setting as presented by AGU on one of their blogs. In the lower right corner is a map prepared by GNS that shows (a) the InSAR based estimates of deformation, (b) the faults in the region, and (c) the areas that have been observed to have surface rupture. This GNS map was also posted to Twitter.
<br> chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-89223138954646236562016-11-19T01:27:00.000-08:002016-11-19T01:31:46.009-08:00Sunset<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BnMokjTon7g/WDAcAjtYRaI/AAAAAAAAAoI/8IHtDXW7yEwqFBqyR6f66odI9vbCUXwngCK4B/s1600/20161119_sunset_aft_safety_first_small-706010.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BnMokjTon7g/WDAcAjtYRaI/AAAAAAAAAoI/8IHtDXW7yEwqFBqyR6f66odI9vbCUXwngCK4B/s320/20161119_sunset_aft_safety_first_small-706010.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354609870130922914" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ed2JALmEq2g/WDAcA1ELaBI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/GJgYp7Yi__ElETubxFA60PO7Ppjh5Y4RwCK4B/s1600/DSC_0178-707244.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ed2JALmEq2g/WDAcA1ELaBI/AAAAAAAAAoQ/GJgYp7Yi__ElETubxFA60PO7Ppjh5Y4RwCK4B/s320/DSC_0178-707244.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354609874789951506" /></a></p>2016.11.19
<br>Sunset
<br>Here is one of the last sunsets of our voyage. What a wonderful voyage this has been.
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<br>I have not had as much time to post educational material about the cruise. I will try to write up some posts after I get back to the states to document the methods that we used on the cruise.
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<br>Today was a particularly exciting day. My day started with Drs. Jamie Howarth and Phil Barnes (chief scientist). As we started the shift, we got to see a multi-core that had just come aboard the ship. We also got to see a multi-core that had been collected prior to our arrival. Later we saw more MCs.
<br> 
<br>MCs are particularly revealing because the multi-corer rig is lowered to the sea floor and the cores gently fall into the sediment. An arm then moves into place beneath the core ends and traps the sediment in the core. If all works right, there is a little bit of water above the sediment so that we can collect and observe the sediment water interface. If this happens, we know that we are being able to observe all the sediment that was deposited (and not eroded) in the recent past. I also include a photo of the multi-corer.
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<br>In one channel core, we observed a deposit that we interpreted to be a turbidite that was silty sand at the base and fined upwards into a sandy silt. This turbidite was on top of some olive gray very fine sandy silt (the ubiquitous facies of hemipelagic sediment in our cores). Several dm below the turbidite was a second thinner muddy turbidite that we had also seen in other cores at this shallow stratigraphic depth. To note was that there was no oxidized sediment under the sandy turbidite.
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<br>In another MC, we found some muddy sediment overlying an oxidized layer of sediment. This ox layer has been observed in other MCs that were further from the earthquake. These ox layers are typically at the surface, unless something rapidly buries them.
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<br>Both of these cores appear to have a really young turbidite, possibly deposited "yesterday."
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<br>We will continue to collect more cores in an attempt to narrow down some details about this deposit and to increase the number of observations of this deposit.
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<br>Needless to say, we have more to say, but we will keep that to ourselves until we have more data and have submitted a paper draft to a journal (in the coming month or so). Today was most exciting and the science crew is very enthused at what we are observing while here on the R/V Tangaroa. This, plus the great views of the sunset as seen in the above photo.
<br> chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-17899418625293217812016-11-18T15:18:00.000-08:002016-11-18T15:27:19.041-08:00Earthquake Response Cores<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AxHVcSC3Gl0/WC-OVyBlMuI/AAAAAAAAAnk/UpUdBGhwY4gK5uHsnclLBIFt8MyP4nZ0ACK4B/s1600/IMG_6833-739042.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AxHVcSC3Gl0/WC-OVyBlMuI/AAAAAAAAAnk/UpUdBGhwY4gK5uHsnclLBIFt8MyP4nZ0ACK4B/s320/IMG_6833-739042.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354454104099861218" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ay4nDDa1-sE/WC-OWG5FYhI/AAAAAAAAAns/yUObz2UoYGkTVm5kPuiRAius5V-yy7M-gCK4B/s1600/IMG_6840-739971.jpg"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ay4nDDa1-sE/WC-OWG5FYhI/AAAAAAAAAns/yUObz2UoYGkTVm5kPuiRAius5V-yy7M-gCK4B/s320/IMG_6840-739971.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354454109701366290" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K0lG6bo9bwk/WC-OWbHRVoI/AAAAAAAAAn0/hCjZpNFlXDkj6KepktFhhO9bkK6gpC0IQCK4B/s1600/IMG_6850-740676.jpg"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K0lG6bo9bwk/WC-OWbHRVoI/AAAAAAAAAn0/hCjZpNFlXDkj6KepktFhhO9bkK6gpC0IQCK4B/s320/IMG_6850-740676.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354454115129579138" /></a></p>2016.11.19
<br>Earthquake Response Cores
<br>We think that we just cored a turbidite that was deposited by a turbidity current triggered by the M 7.8 NZ earthquake. We will need to do some radiometric analyses (7Be, 234Th, 210Pb, 137Cs) to test this hypothesis. More later. Attached are some photos. One is a slab collected from a multi-core, up is to the right. There is a dark sandy turbidite that overlies a dark grey mud turbidite. We hypothesize that the dark sandy turbidite is "yesterdays" turbidite. This was collected in a channel setting. The other photo shows a multi core with an orange layer. We hypothesize that this is the surficial oxidized layer that has a muddy turbidite deposited above it. This is from a terrace site, which would have been an over-levee flow, with lower energy (why the ox layer is present; it was eroded in the channel site). The third photo shows the slice of sediment at the top of the ox layer.
<br>There is lots of life here, now dead. Two weeks ago, these organisms were living. Now they are not.chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-64083481243916138082016-11-18T01:14:00.000-08:002016-11-18T01:16:39.333-08:00Wrapping up Cruise and Earthquake Response<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-piz1VHUTA_s/WC7G993dfqI/AAAAAAAAAnU/J2vCJqIQzX8MAAFMxL1wxnczGRryZHixACK4B/s1600/NZ_study_plan_20161118-799333.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-piz1VHUTA_s/WC7G993dfqI/AAAAAAAAAnU/J2vCJqIQzX8MAAFMxL1wxnczGRryZHixACK4B/s320/NZ_study_plan_20161118-799333.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6354234892147850914" /></a></p>Our last day has been dominated by high wind velocities (in excess of 50 knots) and large waves (in excess of 20'?). We had to shut down coring and analytical operations today. Lots of water was making its way on deck. The ship was pitching up to 30 degrees maybe, at least 20. We did describe a core, but nobody got hurt. When my colleague started getting ill ("feeding the fish"), I called it a day. I went up to do some computer work on the data and cores, while the other workers did other things (like take care of themselves or read or sleep, etc.). 
<br> 
<br>While working on the bridge, compiling some core data so that we can prepare some material for the cruise report, I got to work more with Dr. Barnes to develop our strategy for investigating evidence from "yesterday's" earthquake. We will be collecting several Multi-Cores in the region of the earthquake. We will also be collecting some high resolution bathymetric data to look for surface rupture of the fault in the seafloor. GNS has teams preparing to further document the terrestrial evidence for fault rupture, but we will be working offshore. I have prepared a map that shows some of the core locations that we hope to visit in the next couple of days. We will be collecting longer Piston Cores at some of these sites also, to evaluate a longer stratigraphic record. The Multi-Cores are only 60 cm long.chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-18351518819572742962016-11-15T22:41:00.000-08:002016-11-15T22:43:50.630-08:00Caught Up and Planning Ahead<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u37w3az3dTs/WCwAJz1laeI/AAAAAAAAAnE/zB6S0Xi-7IQM-Ub8qAstYkZ_nvcbLylkwCK4B/s1600/NZ_study_plan_20161116-730631.jpg"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-u37w3az3dTs/WCwAJz1laeI/AAAAAAAAAnE/zB6S0Xi-7IQM-Ub8qAstYkZ_nvcbLylkwCK4B/s320/NZ_study_plan_20161116-730631.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353453342846708194" /></a></p>2016.11.16
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>Caught Up and Planning Ahead
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<br>Today we were quite successful and described enough cores that we did not need to work after dinner. This gave me a chance to make a map that shows our progress. Also, I include some figures that have been posted on twitter from various sources. As I mentioned before, we plan on collecting some cores in the region near the M 7.8 earthquake in an attempt to find a turbidite that may have been emplaced as a result of strong ground shaking from that earthquake.
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<br>Above is my map. The planned core sites are still included. In addition, I have plotted the core sites where we have already collected cores (the red dots). Basically, we have collected cores in all the very high and most of the high priority sites. We are just ahead of schedule. We are lucky to be in this position as there have not been any major obstacles or mechanical catastrophes that sometimes happen. We have not endured a storm too big. We have not had any equipment failures. So, we have basically collected the minimum cores to be able to complete this study. If the ship stops to function tomorrow, we would have plenty of data to build a story.
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<br>
<br>We do intend to collect more cores on the way back south. These will include additional long cores (up to 6 meters) in high and medium priority sites. We will even collect some cores at low priority sites (we are heading out to the Hikurangi Trough to collect some cores right now, the green dots in the northeastern region of our planned coring area outlined in dashed white). We will also be collecting numerous multi-core cores (these sample the sediment-water interface so that we can develop Holocene depositional models). Data from these cores will help us estimate a latest Holocene hemipelagic sedimentation rate.
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<br>We are planning on leaving plenty of time to collect some cores in the southwestern part of our planning region, just offshore of the area that just ruptured multiple faults in the Cook Strait region. It appears that the initial earthquake may have been a thrust event that then triggered slip on several strike-slip fault systems. The USGS has prepared a fault plane solution, but please ignore it. It is vastly oversimplified and does not reflect the geometry of the mapped faults in the region.
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<br>I include an inset map from GNS that shows where they have documented surface ruptures from this earthquake series. There are estimates of 8-10 meters of offset on one strike-slip fault and up to 2 meters of uplift along the coast, probably on a thrust fault.
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<br>I include an inset map from Tim Wright that uses InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) data to estimate ground deformation. The blue colors represent down or away motion and the red colors represent up or towards motion. It is not possible to distinguish between down from away or between up from towards. The deformation supports the interpretation that this earthquake series is quite complex because of the fault interactions. The GNS team will take some while before they can get their boots on the ground, but we are all very excited to see what they find! I wish that I could extend my stay here a month to help out! (I need to get back to my classes to help them complete the semester)chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-15821365911905950572016-11-15T01:09:00.000-08:002016-11-15T01:21:30.942-08:00Long Day and Deserved Sunset<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6HkUXA94gls/WCrTm_8_FwI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/740nzB3imDcKzMgT6sIaeh2X0J_lDimRQCK4B/s1600/IMG_6768-790943.jpg"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6HkUXA94gls/WCrTm_8_FwI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/740nzB3imDcKzMgT6sIaeh2X0J_lDimRQCK4B/s320/IMG_6768-790943.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353122891315222274" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fpvN1HV7oEs/WCrTnDaNwzI/AAAAAAAAAmY/mmJcNBCG_XAs0NISXkkhpTCsDRFabzRTQCK4B/s1600/DSC_0271-791894.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fpvN1HV7oEs/WCrTnDaNwzI/AAAAAAAAAmY/mmJcNBCG_XAs0NISXkkhpTCsDRFabzRTQCK4B/s320/DSC_0271-791894.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353122892243125042" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sZIcTol8nTM/WCrTnWSgZNI/AAAAAAAAAmg/1kfM5UTbJ98buIISWlduk57S27W9KhEcwCK4B/s1600/DSC_0298-792973.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sZIcTol8nTM/WCrTnWSgZNI/AAAAAAAAAmg/1kfM5UTbJ98buIISWlduk57S27W9KhEcwCK4B/s320/DSC_0298-792973.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353122897311065298" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vmnv_9OgO1A/WCrTnhBrHyI/AAAAAAAAAmo/sw1-QHdUx8s5T8dY9VqkoR9ZcF562RbYwCK4B/s1600/DSC_0549-793808.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vmnv_9OgO1A/WCrTnhBrHyI/AAAAAAAAAmo/sw1-QHdUx8s5T8dY9VqkoR9ZcF562RbYwCK4B/s320/DSC_0549-793808.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353122900193255202" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-neZnpbaM1dw/WCrTn-sGBnI/AAAAAAAAAmw/Upkw23rKvRsx1iZyWJgU7TAMTTT18w9QwCK4B/s1600/DSC_0624-794693.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-neZnpbaM1dw/WCrTn-sGBnI/AAAAAAAAAmw/Upkw23rKvRsx1iZyWJgU7TAMTTT18w9QwCK4B/s320/DSC_0624-794693.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6353122908155807346" /></a></p> 
<br> 
<br><H2>2016.11.15</H2>
<br><H2>Long Day and Deserved Sunset</H2>
<br><ul>
<br><li>Last night was a stormy night with relatively high seas, so we all awakened with a low battery. I had several strange dreams. In one of them, I had a rental car stolen. I kept forgetting to call it in to the police. Eventually, late in the day, I was at the store purchasing some wine. The person selling me the wine asked me for my birthdate. Then they covered up part of the label on the wine bottle and asked me my name (strange dream). I told her my name and she asked me if I had a car stolen. When I said yes, she handed me the phone and I spoke to the police. They asked me which cars I had ever owned, one by one. In another dream I visited a friend Lisa Fitchett (Kato) and she had torn off her entire roof to her house. It was about to rain and all of her belongings were still on the wall (it was her parent's house, somewhere on the side of a mountain). She did not seem to care
<br>that they would all be ruined by the rain.  </li>
<br><li>Needless to say, everyone seemed to be a little tired all day today. There was also a feeling that seemed aligned with the disaster that had just taken place back at home. People chatted about how their family and friends were coping with the earthquake. Tourists were being helicoptered out of the region. I have been hearing some of the details from the geologists responding to this event. They have been on helicopter rides making initial assessments… The estimate from offset roads and the like is that the main strike-slip fault (the Kekerengu fault) ruptured in this earthquake slipped 8-9 meters!!! There have been observations of offsets on at least two other strike-slip faults, as well as inferred offset on a thrust fault that links some of the strike-slip faults. The ruptures are very complex and we will learn a tremendous deal about how faults interact with each other during
<br>earthquakes like this. This is a major offset and the teams will be hitting the ground as soon as the roads open up. The helicopters are too busy helping people to spare any for science (at least, that is what we presume given the time delay on getting their boots on the ground. We are making plans on what we might do to make observations from the ship in relation to this earthquake. We are talking about where to take cores to find a probable turbidite, as well as possibly conducting some high resolution bathymetric surveys to look for fault offsets in the sea floor! This is really exciting!!!</li>
<br><li>We have continued to collect cores in excellent locations. There have been many turbidites in our cores. Some are sandy and easily seen. These can be identified by color changes as well as textural changes (the background sediment, hemipelagic sediment, is basically mud or "very fine sandy silt;" while these turbidites are sandy or "very fine to very coarse sand"). However, with my experience in Cascadia, Sumatra, and the Lesser Antilles, we have been able to identify some muddy turbidites that are only visible with color changes. Basically, the background hemipelagic sediment is lighter in color (probably due to nano fossil content) and the muddy turbidites are darker in color. Also, the turbidites often have a sharp basal contact, while the hemipelagic sediment has a gradual basal contact. I will try to post some photos of these examples later. </li>
<br><li>We are collecting X-Ray data while on board the ship. When we compare the X-Ray data with our lithologic logs, there is an excellent match. We have been able to capture most of the turbidites (even the muddy ones). Eventually the cores will be CT-scanned for higher resolution X-Ray data. Also, the cores will have core geophysical data collected (magnetic susceptibility, density, etc.). These additional data sets will be key for further stratigraphic correlation analysis. </li>
<br><li>These cores that we have collected promise to be excellent candidates to develop an earthquake story for the subduction zone here. This will take several years to be sure… But, we have turbidites, within each core, they appear to have unique structures (important for correlation!). The biggest challenge I see is obtaining sufficient mass of planktonic foraminifera to be able to get radiocarbon ages. Time will tell (pun intended).  </li>
<br><li>Attached to this post is a sunset from tonight, Monique on the left and Jamie on the right. We sure deserved this after all the long days that we have been putting in. Now, it is time to catch up on some rest for another long day tomorrow. I am so lucky to be on this ship. Also, I am so very excited to work with an excellent science and ship's crew. Everyone is top notch. </li>
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<br> <li>I also include some other photos from a post from a couple days ago. We are cutting a core in the van in one photo. The piston corer is being recovered onto the ship in another. Jenny is cleaning a cone in one. More photos to come!</li>
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<br></ul>
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<br> chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-87281569404545324232016-11-14T00:53:00.000-08:002016-11-14T00:56:04.311-08:00Progress!<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rLMD6jg3NPk/WCl8JII2t4I/AAAAAAAAAmA/Du4gEOE9FTwvIg-2X1eLn07vbkLtCAAigCK4B/s1600/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03-764312.PNG"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rLMD6jg3NPk/WCl8JII2t4I/AAAAAAAAAmA/Du4gEOE9FTwvIg-2X1eLn07vbkLtCAAigCK4B/s320/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03-764312.PNG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6352745245628086146" /></a></p> 
<br> 
<br><H2>2016.11.14</H2>
<br><H2>Progress!</H2>
<br><ul>
<br><li>We have been a really good team on this ship. Dr. Barnes has done a terrific job preparing for our coring cruise. The geospatial data that he has collected and gained access to over the years is, by far, the most comprehensive and detailed (and of highest resolution) of any submarine data that I have used to plan a coring cruise. He has conducted hydrodynamic modeling to estimate potential flow paths. He has mapped the seafloor geomorphology to determine regions of erosion vs. deposition. There are still a great many unknowns, but having this knowledge in the forefront of the planning process clearly gives one a heads up on being able to select good coring sites. Of course, I only have the ability to recognize this due to the training that I have had, initially from Dr. Chris Goldfinger on my maiden research cruise offshore Sumatra. I have supplemented this experience elsewhere,
<br>along different margins. </li>
<br><li>We have been traversing the fold and thrust belt / continental slope northwards. As I mentioned before (here or elsewhere), we test the hypothesis that the triggering mechanisms for the turbidity currents that lead to the turbidites that we core are triggered by earthquakes. We use one or more of the following methods as part of this test: (a) confluence tests using turbidite counts above a temporal/stratigraphic datum or correlations and (b) isolated source area tests using correlations. We are coring in various channel systems that have isolated source areas. We are looking in piggyback slope basins, also with (hopefully) isolated source areas. </li>
<br><li>We hope to find along-margin segments of the Holocene (at least) sedimentary record that are somewhat unique from each other so that we might be able to compare how the earthquake record might vary along strike. In the northern Hikurangi Trough, the subducting plate as abundant seamounts that are affecting the plate interface. In the southern Hikurangi Trough, the downgoing plate is smoother with a thicker sedimentary section (up to 6 km, Barnes p.c.). Generally, we think that this would result in larger magnitude earthquakes in the south and smaller magnitude earthquakes in the north. However, this is still a debated topic in plate tectonics. There are some indications that these two parts of the subduction zone are tectonically different. Wallace et al. (2014) present a paper about tsunami potential and they show that regions of slow slip earthquakes are much further up-dip
<br>(shallower on the subduction zone fault) in the north, than they are in the south (in the figure, the green contours are the slip contours for the slow slip earthquakes). Also, they show a figure that displays the coupling ratio (the proportion of the plate convergence that is accumulated as strain along the fault). I include this figure in this post (red is more highly coupled, blue is less coupled). </li>
<br> 
<br><li>I am still navigating how to post to my blog with limited internet access. I am attaching an image to an email that I am using to post to my blog. I also include some html that links to the image that I posted online last week.</li>
<br>
<br>
<br><a href=" <a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03.PNG">http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03.PNG</a>">
<br>
<br><img src=" <a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03.PNG">http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_03.PNG</a>">
<br></a>
<br>
<br>
<br><li>Below is the figure caption for the above image (Wallace et al., 2014).</li>
<br><blockquote>
<br>Interseismic coupling coefficients (see red to blue scale) from campaign GPS measurements (Wallace et al., 2012a) and cumulative slip in slow-slip events (SSEs) from 2002–2012 (green contours, labeled in mm; from Wallace et al., 2012b). Dashed green contours show slip in a deep central Hikurangi SSE in 2008 (Wallace and Eberhart-Phillips, 2013). Dashed black contours showing the depth to the subduction interface (in km below sea level) are from Ansell and Bannister (1996), and thus present an earlier version of the interface geometry compared to the more recent one shown in Figure 1 from Williams et al. (2014).
<br>
<br></blockquote>
<br>
<br>
<br><li>The GPS inversion that Wallace and her colleagues use to infer plate coupling is but a snap shot of a moment in time. We do not know if this represents the long term behavior of the fault nor how it might relate to earthquake recurrence, magnitude, segmentation, etc. It seems reasonable, but coming up with a Holocene earthquake record will be a big contribution to answering this question. </li>
<br> 
<br><li>This morning there was a large magnitude earthquake. There is talk here in New Zealand (GNS) that there may be as much as 10 meters of slip along one of the major thrust faults in this region. There have been observations of surface rupture on multiple different faults (some are strike-slip). This is a very interesting earthquake and is quite complicated. Unfortunately two people died, but we are lucky that this earthquake occurred in a relatively sparsely populated area. </li>
<br><li>Needless to say, we will be modifying our plans slightly to take advantage of being on a research vessel at this moment in time, with a coring crew ready to take cores near the earthquake region. We are currently getting information from GNS (the New Zealand geological survey) and NIWA (the organization that Dr. Barnes is with, who runs the R/V Tangaroa). This information will inform us as to the best way that we might decide where to go and what data to collect. We will be taking cores in the region of today's earthquake. We may also collect some additional bathymetry data. We had some core sites located in this region, but they were a lower priority due to the complications of the geomorphology and faulting in this region. However, given that we just had an earthquake of a size that could trigger submarine landslides (there is an estimate that there are over 100,000 subaerial
<br>landslides), as long as we core in the correct place, we should be able to core a seismoturbidite triggered by this earthquake. </li>
<br></ul>
<br> 
<br><H2>Science Crew</H2>
<br><ul>
<br>Below is a list of the science crew aboard the R/V Tangaroa:
<br><li>Philip Barnes </li>
<br><li>Alan Orpin </li>
<br><li>Peter Gerring </li>
<br><li>John Mitchell </li>
<br><li>Will Quinn </li>
<br><li>Geoffroy Lamarche </li>
<br><li>Susi Woelz </li>
<br><li>Jamie Howarth </li>
<br><li>Jason Patton </li>
<br><li>Sam Davidson </li>
<br><li>Simon Banks </li>
<br><li>Jenni Hopkins </li>
<br><li>Monique Mckeown </li>
<br><li>Aratrika Ganguly </li>
<br></ul>
<br> 
<br> 
<br> chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-84531137523662938272016-11-13T00:58:00.000-08:002016-11-13T01:00:20.727-08:00Leaving Port<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7Qp1Z71Qm-g/WCgrpd9L5vI/AAAAAAAAAlw/QImxvlbB8PsscM5Y8UAG9EfOW1mZ1pe8wCK4B/s1600/DSC_0304-720728.jpg"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7Qp1Z71Qm-g/WCgrpd9L5vI/AAAAAAAAAlw/QImxvlbB8PsscM5Y8UAG9EfOW1mZ1pe8wCK4B/s320/DSC_0304-720728.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6352375265821976306" /></a></p>Here is a photo that belongs to my last post. This is a photo of us leaving the port in Wellington, NZ.chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-26610550227800906422016-11-13T00:57:00.001-08:002016-11-13T00:57:49.866-08:00A few days in <H2>A few days in </H2>
<br><ul>
<br><li>The R/V Tangaroa was constructed in 1991 in Bergen Norway. Below is the plaque that is mounted on the deck near where people board the ship. (I will add the photos when I can. Someone was using the computer that earlier let me attach photos to my blog. For now, I am emailing this post to my blog.</li>
<br>DSC_0298.jpg
<br> 
<br><li>Here is the gangplank shortly before it was hoisted prior to our departure. </li>
<br>DSC_0301.jpg
<br> 
<br><li>Here is the ship's bell, located on the foredeck. One needs to get permission from the bridge to access the foredeck since no science is conducted there. I had permission from Captain Evan. </li>
<br>DSC_0271.jpg
<br> 
<br><li>We had to bring lots of equipment aboard the ship prior to our cruise. Here is a photo of use loading the shipping container that we use as a core curation facility. We split and describe the cores in this container (sometimes called a "van). </li>
<br>DSC_0091.jpg
<br> 
<br><li>Here is the view from the ship as we left port in Wellington. </li>
<br>DSC_0304.jpg
<br> 
<br> 
<br><li>We started coring in the region of Cook's Strait, the southernmost region of our planned coring sites. This region of the margin is complicated due to high tidal currents in the strait, fluvial input, and a plethora of fault trigger sources. There are many strike-slip faults that trend across the strait, in addition to the megathrust and faults in the accretionary prism. These sites would be important to work out the earthquake story in any trench cores further to the north. </li>
<br> 
<br><li>These sites were not very successful due to their short recovered lengths. The R/V Tangaroa was initially designed for a fishing research institution, not for coring. It has since been retrofitted for various other oceanographic research studies, including coring. The coring is conducted along the starboard side of the ship, with a railroad track system. The longest cores that could be collected are 8 meters. It is not easy to take 8 meter cores, so the functionally maximum length is 6 meters. Most of these initial cores were between 1 and 2 meters long. They did not have coarse turbidites, but might have muddy turbidites (that are not visible to the eye and require CT scans to identify). </li>
<br> 
<br><li>Here is a photo of Dr. Alan Orpin  helping receive the first Piston Core (TAN1613-2) aboard the ship. Note all the safety gear. As for all cruises that I have participated on, safety is the most important thing. Sure, we all want to get the best data and conduct the best science, but that cannot be done when people get hurt. So we follow the strictest safety guidelines at all times while aboard the ship. There is a long list of things that we can and must do and everyone participates in an induction training prior to leaving port. We conduct regular training drills to make sure that everyone is always ready to take action if necessary. The ship's crew is trained for all conceivable situations and they are trained to use the appropriate equipment when necessary. The science crew knows that they must also be ready to help in the event the ship's crew makes that request. Needless
<br>to say, we are very excited to get this first core aboard the ship. I will show photos of what we do with the core later.</li>
<br>DSC_0549.jpg
<br></ul>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-41020238524709652342016-11-10T01:18:00.000-08:002016-11-10T01:19:19.674-08:002016.11.10 First Core Site<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Goqz_jsdZyo/WCQ7mFO-tzI/AAAAAAAAAlg/sVjM-QL5mSo3vF5xPTSDFKpJZHRgDVuFgCK4B/s1600/TAN1613_lith_log_blank-759675.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Goqz_jsdZyo/WCQ7mFO-tzI/AAAAAAAAAlg/sVjM-QL5mSo3vF5xPTSDFKpJZHRgDVuFgCK4B/s320/TAN1613_lith_log_blank-759675.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6351266899925317426" /></a></p><H2>2016.11.10</H2>
<br><H2>First Core Site! </H2>
<br>
<br>
<br>We just collected our first core in the region east of the Cook Strait (to the west of the core sites that I highlighted in the previous blog post). The core is now tied to a vertical post aboard the ship. We need to let these cores sit for 12 hours before that they can be X-Rayed. So, after breakfast in the morning, we will start working on these first cores. The core tip had almost pure clay on the tip, with no forams. The core liner is a translucent plastic and it was evident that there were gaps in the sediment (we will collect a second core here to attempt to get a more full sediment core). The piston core configuration (I will post photos later) includes a weight stand with a mass of about 730 kg. This is a small mass compared to piston cores that I have collected on other ships.
<br>
<br>
<br>Dr. Jaime Howarth and I will be describing the sediments in the cores. Dr. Jenni Hopkins will be focusing on describing the tephras that we expect to find in the cores that we collect. Dr. Hopkins is a post doc on this cruise (she works on other data too, but will be incorporating results from this cruise into her research).  There are two students who will be assisting us in these descriptions, who will be working on MS projects possibly related to the data we collect on this cruise. Drs. Howarth, Hopkins, and myself worked with Dr. Alan Orpin (NIWA) to develop the workflow for the core processing. I will discuss this more later. Suffice it to say, we have a draft plan and will update it as we find opportunities for improvement. We like to stay flexible in this  regard.
<br>
<br>
<br>Later Dr. Howarth and I prepared the lithologic description core sheets. These are paper sheets that have a template in which we write and draw our observations about the sediment cores. I include a low resolution version of this core lithologic log in this post. We incorporated some core log sheet content that I have used aboard other turbidite coring cruises, most recently the cruise in the Lesser Antilles this past summer. We modified these core log sheets to suit the needs of this cruise. We took into mind the interests of the chief scientist (Dr. Phil Barnes) and based our decisions upon the experience we have each had doing this type of work. It is important to spend considerable time designing this form so that it is (1) comprehensive, (2) easy to use (i.e. fill out), and (3) easy to use (i.e. read and interpret later). These core logs will be used for years, if not decades, from
<br>now by people interested in our results. We will scan each core log and eventually prepare digital figure files with these data, along with all other core data.
<br>
<br>
<br>OK, time to hit the sack. We have lots of work to do tomorrow. The first few cores are often the more time consuming cores to describe and process because we will be test running our workflow for the first time. But, once we have processed and described several cores, we will have a rhythm and these descriptions will be done in a more timely manner. chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-63868756287380605302016-11-09T12:40:00.000-08:002016-11-09T12:46:08.513-08:00Planned First Core Site<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>2016.11.10</H2>
<ul>
<li>We are moments from leaving the dock. I have put together a map that shows our proposed cores overlain on 250 meter resolution bathymetry data. We will be collecting piston cores (PC) at these sites, with lengths upwards of 5 meters.</li>
<li>We had our first shipboard meeting at 8 AM this morning. There are 14 scientists aboard. All, but myself, are from New Zealand. Most are from NIWA. There are 4 students aboard, along with one post doc. My shipboard colleagues are providing empathy for me given the recent electoral returns back in the states. Needless to say, there is much being discussed in social media about this. I will focus on the science while aboard the R/V Tangaroa. This is a fine ship with highly competent engineers and other crew.</li>
<li>Core priority is designated by color (high priority aka "must haves" = red or orange and low priority = green or blue). Our plan is to head northwards along the margin and collect cores in the very high and high priority sites. Once we get to the northernmost region of our planned survey area, we will evaluate what to do next based upon what we have observed to date. We will consider collecting additional cores in our high priority sites if those existing cores were of poor quality or possibly poorly located. We will consider collecting additional cores in med to low priority sites if the spatial coverage will be optimal for our analyses. We will also consider sites to collect multi-core cores (MC).</li>
<li>MC cores are useful to collect the sediment water interface. PC cores often blow away the surface sediment when the core initially approaches and penetrates the seafloor. Having the sediment/water interface is useful for us to develop a sediment accumulation rate using 210Pb isotopic measurements. Also, the possibility of finding the most recent event will be optimized in the uppermost sediment, most likely to be in a MC.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-12njgungKhs/WCOJW2MscyI/AAAAAAAAAlM/oW-zMuRL37U77cYrCrfkQzouL98D3ALtACLcB/s1600/NZ_study_plan_20161110.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-12njgungKhs/WCOJW2MscyI/AAAAAAAAAlM/oW-zMuRL37U77cYrCrfkQzouL98D3ALtACLcB/s320/NZ_study_plan_20161110.jpg" width="320" height="247" /></a></div>
</ul>
<br /></div>
chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-77317338341853581292016-11-08T19:35:00.001-08:002016-11-08T19:40:25.911-08:00Getting ready for the cruise!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<H2>2016.11.09</H2>
<H2>Getting ready for the cruise! </H2>
<ul>
<li>We will be heading to sea to search for submarine landslide deposits called turbidites. There are several ways that these landslides can be triggered. Earthquakes are the most common landslide trigger on land and probably also in the submarine environment. </li>
<li>I have worked on turbidite Paleoseismology cruises offshore of Sumatra, Cascadia, and the Lesser Antilles. These are all places where there is an active subduction zone. I have documented these cruises on my research cruise blog <a href="http://humboldt-jay.blogspot.com"> humboldt-jay.blogspot.com</a>. The research offshore of Sumatra was for my Ph.D. dissertation and is ongoing. The coring we conducted offshore of Cascadia was in support of Dr. Chris Goldfinger’s research on the spatiotemporal variation in earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone. Recently, we received the Kirk Bryan Award from the Geological Society of America for the USGS Professional Paper 1661-F. This past summer I participated on a French cruise aboard the NO Pourquoi Pas? The principal investigator for this Caribbean cruise was Nathalie Feuillet, from Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) in Paris. </li>
<li>We will be collecting sediment cores aboard the R/V Tangora, a National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) research ship. R/V stands for “research vessel.” Here is the website that has information about the R/V Tangora. : <a href="https://www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/rv-tangaroa"> www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/rv-tangaroa </a></li>
</ul>
<H2>Background</H2>
<ul>
<li>Below is a map that shows the general region where we plan on taking cores. The principal investigator for this cruise is Dr. Phillip Barnes, from NIWA. Dr. Barnes has done an incredible job planning for this cruise and I outline the general strategy below. As always, we will modify our plan as our experiences during the cruise inform us.</li>
<li>We will be collecting cores in sedimentary basins along the slope and in channel and other depositional settings along turbidite channel systems in the trench. We will be using classic methods (well, this is a new science, so it is funny to call these classic methods) used by many who look for seismoturbidites. We will be looking for sites that have sources of sediment that are isolated from each other. We are especially interested if these sites extend for distances larger than the length of faults that might be additional sources of ground motions that might trigger submarine landslides. We will also be looking for sites that permit us to apply the confluence test, which also requires sites that have isolated source distances that are sufficiently large. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<strong>I include some inset maps that have some other background material. </strong>
<li>In the upper right corner is a map that shows the general plate tectonics of this region. This comes from <a href=" http://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2016/03/08/new-zealands-alpine-fault-biggest-mover-in-the-world/"> Mike Norton </a> via Creative Commons. The Pacific plate: Australia plate relative plate motions are shown in orange. Note how the plate motion is increasingly oblique as slip is transferred from the Kermadec-Hikurangi subduction zone systems in the north to the Alpine fault system (via Marlborough) in the south, then again to the subduction zone even further south.</li>
<li> In the upper left corner shows seismicity as plotted by Wallace, et al. (2009). These are earthquakes from 1990 through December 2007. The figure on the right shows the deeper events with their depth represented by color.</li>
<li>In the lower right corner is another figure from Wallace et al. (2009). This one shows more detailed fault mapping in the accretionary prism. These are offshore thrust faults that are additional sources of ground shaking for triggering turbidites. It will be important to be able to extend our correlations beyond any individual fault system to be able to link any given correlated turbidite to ground motions from the megathrust. There are also some strike-slip faults that may also confound our analysis, particularly in the southern Hikurangi margin. In this inset is a cross section showing that the accretionary prism is composed on imbricate thrust faults. These are the additional sources of ground shaking that are mapped in plan view on the map (labeled “Forearc domain” in the cross section).</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/blog/maps/NZ_study_plan_tectonics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/blog/maps/NZ_study_plan_tectonics.jpg" width="320" height="248"></a></div></a>
</ul>
<ul>
<H2>Here are some of the inset maps on their own, with their original figure captions as blockquotes.</H2>
<li> Here is the plot from Wallace et al. (2009) that shows the seismicity from 1990-2007.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_nz_g3_2009_fig_02.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_nz_g3_2009_fig_02.JPG" width="320" height="210"></a></div>
<blockquote>
Selected seismicity between January 1990 and December 2007 (inclusive), from the GeoNet database (http://geonet.org.nz). Events shown are only those which were recorded by six or more stations, with nine or more observed phases, with unrestricted location depths, and RMS of arrival time residuals less than 1.0 s. Magnitude range of events shown is 0.29–6.99. (left) Events shallower than 33 km. (right) Events greater than 33-km depth.
</blockquote>
<li> Here is the map from Wallace et al. (2009) that shows the regional and local tectonics in the Hikurangi Trough.</</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_nz_g3_2009_fig_01.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_nz_g3_2009_fig_01.JPG" width="290" height="400"></a></div>
<blockquote>
Tectonic setting of the Hikurangi margin. Modified from Barnes et al. [2009], copyright 2009, Elsevier. (a) Detailed bathymetry (NIWA), topography, and active faulting (black lines) of the onshore and offshore subduction margin. Dashed contours indicate sediment thickness on lower plate from Lewis et al. [1998]. Bold white dashed line shows the back of the accretionary wedge and the front of a deforming buttress of Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks covered by Miocene to Recent slope basins [from Lewis et al., 1997; Barnes et al., 1998b, 2009]. A–A0 line denotes cross-section location in Figure 1d. Dashed black lines show locations of seismic reflection lines from Figure 4, labeled by line number. White arrow shows Pacific/Australia relative plate motion in the region from Beavan et al. [2002]. Onshore active faults from GNS Science active faults database (http://maps.gns.cri.nz/website/af/). TVZ, Taupo Volcanic Zone; NIDFB, North Island Dextral Fault Belt; LR, approximate location of Lachlan Ridge; KR, approximate location of Kidnappers Ridge. (b) Broader-scale New Zealand tectonic setting. (c) Regional tectonic framework. RI, Raoul Island; NZ, New Zealand; HT, Hikurangi Trough. (d) Interpretive cross section across the strike of the subduction margin. Cross-section location denoted by A–A0 line in Figure 1a.
</blockquote>
</ul>
<ul>
<H2>Here are some figures that show the historic and prehistoric history of earthquakes in this region, with their original figure captions as blockquotes.</H2>
<li> Here is a figure that shows our existing knowledge of the historic subduction zone earthquakes for this region (Wallace et al. (2014).</</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_01.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_01.PNG" width="320" height="304"></a></div>
<blockquote>
Tectonic setting of the Hikurangi subduction zone at the boundary between the Pacific and Australian Plates. Black contours show the depth to the subduction interface (Williams et al., 2014). Red dots = historical subduction thrust events (all MW < 7.2). Gray dots = continuous GPS sites (http://www.geonet.org.nz). Arrows show convergence rates at the trench in mm yr–1 (Wallace et al., 2012a). PB = 1947 Poverty Bay earthquake. TB = 1947 Tolaga Bay earthquake. WF = Wairarapa Fault, the site of the 1855 earthquake. BL = Big Lagoon. MP = Mahia Peninsula. Black lines onshore are active faults (http://www.data.gns.cri.nz/af). In the forearc, most of these faults are either right lateral strike-slip or reverse. The strike-slip faults help to accommodate the margin-parallel component of relative plate motion.
</blockquote>
<li> Here is a figure that shows our existing knowledge of the prehistoric subduction zone earthquakes (Paleoseismology) for this region (Wallace et al. (2014).</</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_02.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/cruises/2016_new_zealand/literature/wallace_etal_2014_earthquake_tsunami_potential_hikurangi_fig_02.PNG" width="347" height="400"></a></div>
<blockquote>
Map in upper panel shows locations of published Holocene records of coseismic vertical deformation along the Hikurangi Margin. Timeline in lower panel shows the approximate ages and types of impact found at different sites along the margin (note that this is an overview that does not show individual dates and their errors). We use black horizontal lines on the timeline to indicate times when vertical deformation occurs at multiple sites along the margin (summarized in the right panel of the timeline). These lines are also used on the map to indicate the approximate lateral extent of deformation and the strength of evidence for occurrence of a great subduction thrust earthquake. *Site 1: Clark et al. (2011) and Hayward et al. (2010). Site 2: McSaveney et al. (2006). Site 3: Berryman et al. (2011). Site 4: Hayward et al. (2006). Sites 5 and 6: Cochran et al. (2006). Site 7: Berryman (1993). Site 8: Wilson et al. (2006).
</blockquote>
</ul>
<ul>
<H2>References</H2>
<li>Wallace et al., 2009. Characterizing the seismogenic zone of a major plate boundary subduction thrust: Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q10006, doi:10.1029/2009GC002610 </li>
<li>Wallace, L.M., U.A. Cochran, W.L. Power, and K.J. Clark. 2014. Earthquake and tsunami potential of the Hikurangi subduction thrust, New Zealand: Insights from paleoseismology, GPS, and tsunami modeling. Oceanography 27(2):104–117, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.46.</li>
</ul>
</div>
chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-1755726528477739582016-11-06T01:54:00.001-07:002016-11-06T01:54:44.915-07:00test with image<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XoydTYgSEA8/WB7v1Q_8LgI/AAAAAAAAAlA/cNxp91DGNO8-DxyjjDP6BHepfGEDSRs8wCK4B/s1600/NZ_study_plan_tectonics-784915.jpg"><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XoydTYgSEA8/WB7v1Q_8LgI/AAAAAAAAAlA/cNxp91DGNO8-DxyjjDP6BHepfGEDSRs8wCK4B/s320/NZ_study_plan_tectonics-784915.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6349776223014235650" /></a></p>Leaving for New Zealand later today. Here is a map that shows the
<br>tectonics of the region.
<br>
<br>Jay P.
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>---
<br>This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software.
<br><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">https://www.avast.com/antivirus</a>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-63784561220773384702016-06-19T16:54:00.000-07:002016-06-19T16:54:53.272-07:00Leg 1: Success<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<li>We are refreshed by the blowing wind as we follow it back to port to exchange some crew members (including yours truly), to get some replacement core curation materials, and have one night out on the town before returning to sea for leg 2 of CASEIS. </li>
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<H2>Leg 1 Comes to an End on 2016/06/20; Leg 2 begins 2016/06/21</H2>
<ul>
<H2>June 19, 2016</H2>
<li>We are preparing to core our final cores here on the bridge. From the left are Jean Marie, Dr. Feuillet, Theo (the engineer controlling the ship at the bridge), and Dr. Leclerc. We have an upcoming paper plane competition and Nathalie has two prototypes in her hands. Awards will be based upon overall points, longest flight, best design, and most acrobatics. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mlBVyKCkLjs/V2ctSA1zC6I/AAAAAAAAAiQ/iht1nklgTvod3fDYRpDhpuY5C048FTfNQCLcB/s1600/DSC_0028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mlBVyKCkLjs/V2ctSA1zC6I/AAAAAAAAAiQ/iht1nklgTvod3fDYRpDhpuY5C048FTfNQCLcB/s320/DSC_0028.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Dr. Christian Beck presented material on sedimentation in a marine setting. He discussed the various inputs, different depositional processes, and the deposits that we have observed in the cores during leg 1 of this cruise. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aGReMhjSdKY/V2ctdf7y-wI/AAAAAAAAAic/0ZwZ2oRW4jQKagsgdYgCLnR-9dO-5VHgwCLcB/s1600/DSC_0043.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aGReMhjSdKY/V2ctdf7y-wI/AAAAAAAAAic/0ZwZ2oRW4jQKagsgdYgCLnR-9dO-5VHgwCLcB/s320/DSC_0043.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_oSVLORfg4/V2ctn1h9PgI/AAAAAAAAAio/EtEF4xbZV6wrm12QmnbAeDcJCWcSIMEiwCLcB/s1600/DSC_0052.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_oSVLORfg4/V2ctn1h9PgI/AAAAAAAAAio/EtEF4xbZV6wrm12QmnbAeDcJCWcSIMEiwCLcB/s320/DSC_0052.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>What was almost our last piston core for leg 1 returned to the ship in the shape of a pretzel. The core did not penetrate much into the seafloor, so bended to absorb the force of the weight stand. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-89rZjhMiXfI/V2ct0i5E42I/AAAAAAAAAiw/ggs2L-DAf0ozktpy4cjJQyiqFXDQNuJiACLcB/s1600/DSC_0075.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-89rZjhMiXfI/V2ct0i5E42I/AAAAAAAAAiw/ggs2L-DAf0ozktpy4cjJQyiqFXDQNuJiACLcB/s320/DSC_0075.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here the 8P-12A shift cuts this core CAS16-28PC. From left to right, Olivia, Artur, and Eva. The sediment at the top and base of the core was 99% organic matter (partially decomposed woody debris. I strongly advocated for a box core at this site. We did not know what was in the PC core (only 1 meter long) and a box core could be used to establish (1) depositional rates here and (2) whether recent seismicity was recorded at this location. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m11m-VDWeTw/V2ct-yaYNCI/AAAAAAAAAi8/9KqZYz1IJUgXCpAvBgVJvGx_ornuJ8cfQCLcB/s1600/DSC_0092.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m11m-VDWeTw/V2ct-yaYNCI/AAAAAAAAAi8/9KqZYz1IJUgXCpAvBgVJvGx_ornuJ8cfQCLcB/s320/DSC_0092.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here Artur and Eva clean and label this core.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gxhXmJ7PBW8/V2cuKiZFIfI/AAAAAAAAAjI/clyGxfFMaKcyfSt7nz3Z2kBxjNAycEjJgCLcB/s1600/DSC_0116.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gxhXmJ7PBW8/V2cuKiZFIfI/AAAAAAAAAjI/clyGxfFMaKcyfSt7nz3Z2kBxjNAycEjJgCLcB/s320/DSC_0116.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Dr. Feuillet and the captain discuss her stereo microscopic observations of the organic woody debris.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--t27_ESVfG8/V2cuYiJuMSI/AAAAAAAAAjU/P-FxIshWIOY8ZtKHidk4qxZrdDKM1noUACLcB/s1600/DSC_0120.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--t27_ESVfG8/V2cuYiJuMSI/AAAAAAAAAjU/P-FxIshWIOY8ZtKHidk4qxZrdDKM1noUACLcB/s320/DSC_0120.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>The location of this and the box core CAS16-29BC are at the middle of the red line in the map below. Color represents depth and the color scale on the right shows red = shallow and blue = deep. The blue areas are in the trench. The green/orange areas are (1) on the left, the accretionary prism and (2) on the right, the Barracuda ridge (associated to a fracture zone and likely controls segmentation of the subduction zone).</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sFkAaYebcAw/V2cutiiIDiI/AAAAAAAAAjg/ChvfeC_IsCAiX8aKMPTgFVr9hoKHo5GowCLcB/s1600/DSC_0139.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sFkAaYebcAw/V2cutiiIDiI/AAAAAAAAAjg/ChvfeC_IsCAiX8aKMPTgFVr9hoKHo5GowCLcB/s320/DSC_0139.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here is a view of the seafloor surface as collected in the box core CAS16-29PC. The surface is an oxidized red-brown clay. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sr1vyzOFgTk/V2cu_lvL4pI/AAAAAAAAAjs/IlnbAJUhLJgKFwvPqs6D4sCuho8FoA8WACLcB/s1600/DSC_0184.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sr1vyzOFgTk/V2cu_lvL4pI/AAAAAAAAAjs/IlnbAJUhLJgKFwvPqs6D4sCuho8FoA8WACLcB/s320/DSC_0184.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here Marie and Dr. Ratzov watch Dr. Beck insert one of the sub-sampling cores into the box core. We drilled holes into the pipe and are using a threaded rod as a handle to insert the pipe.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eejG-1q3_tI/V2cvaNC8KgI/AAAAAAAAAj4/fI219VHTU0YQ2D8NGTQe8ycw4ftJba3NgCLcB/s1600/DSC_0192.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eejG-1q3_tI/V2cvaNC8KgI/AAAAAAAAAj4/fI219VHTU0YQ2D8NGTQe8ycw4ftJba3NgCLcB/s320/DSC_0192.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>This is an exposure of 29BC. Quentin D. is pleased that this core contains interesting stratigraphy. The base is a grey-green clay. As we remove sediment so that we can collect the sub-sample cores, we learn more about the stratigraphy.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fSljEBsaxiY/V2cv1bbns5I/AAAAAAAAAkE/WzSLrsiep60CnuW2TBU03PcBvIbpnS2NwCLcB/s1600/DSC_0254.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fSljEBsaxiY/V2cv1bbns5I/AAAAAAAAAkE/WzSLrsiep60CnuW2TBU03PcBvIbpnS2NwCLcB/s320/DSC_0254.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>This is a close up view of the core after we removed some sediment. This is a great way to see the stratigraphy. There are reddish brown layers and these layers appear to have a high organic content. The CT data from these cores will be very interesting. We do not see any turbidites here, but muddy turbidites are difficult to see with the naked eye. There are some parts of the stratigraphy that appear to not be laminated like the reddish brown layers.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gu0OZ818IGE/V2cwOqksqoI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/GM8t8WgPlrcvVjm6m3_0pkHzvps450fIwCLcB/s1600/DSC_0311.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gu0OZ818IGE/V2cwOqksqoI/AAAAAAAAAkQ/GM8t8WgPlrcvVjm6m3_0pkHzvps450fIwCLcB/s320/DSC_0311.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>We moved the ship to a nearby location to take another piston core. Here the engineers change the core position from horizontal to vertical.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H5AgPEM5l54/V2cwg_BJI8I/AAAAAAAAAkc/Ydfs40GQRigvfAQZKKAEqIWe43K4xxu2ACLcB/s1600/DSC_0299.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H5AgPEM5l54/V2cwg_BJI8I/AAAAAAAAAkc/Ydfs40GQRigvfAQZKKAEqIWe43K4xxu2ACLcB/s320/DSC_0299.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here Theo and Martin discuss the ship’s operations as we conduct seismic surveys for the remaining of leg 1.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0RMZb7qTMM/V2cwwU2q_6I/AAAAAAAAAkk/H5hHFH1Kea0dAG6WJA_alxiTS593zym-ACLcB/s1600/DSC_0033.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0RMZb7qTMM/V2cwwU2q_6I/AAAAAAAAAkk/H5hHFH1Kea0dAG6WJA_alxiTS593zym-ACLcB/s320/DSC_0033.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here is a compilation map showing the location of all our cores locations cored on leg 1 of CASEIS. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ashQFkln654/V2cswUwEfxI/AAAAAAAAAiA/N00uKXh5kjsgwQGDcubaYjFfmzEImsoTACLcB/s1600/antilles_cores_cruise_compilation_cores_201606019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ashQFkln654/V2cswUwEfxI/AAAAAAAAAiA/N00uKXh5kjsgwQGDcubaYjFfmzEImsoTACLcB/s320/antilles_cores_cruise_compilation_cores_201606019.jpg" /></a></div>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-19309455171586206582016-06-18T02:51:00.000-07:002016-06-18T02:51:05.059-07:00T-shirt and Logo Design Competition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H2>Designs</H2>
<ul>
<H2>June 17, 2016</H2>
<li>I have prepared a t-shirt and logo design as part of a competition. I first was told that there was a t-shirt design competition, so I spent an hour or so putting together a design. Later I learned that the competition was for a logo, not a t-shirt. I just reconfigured the shirt design into a smaller logo design. Stay tuned for the results from the competition.</li>
<H2>T-Shirt Design</H2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s2MEMWK7H6M/V2UZKF8raXI/AAAAAAAAAhk/C_uWaVnrLq4N2evByTlUXX5ri7Xg02hmgCLcB/s1600/CASEIS16_tshirt_patton_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s2MEMWK7H6M/V2UZKF8raXI/AAAAAAAAAhk/C_uWaVnrLq4N2evByTlUXX5ri7Xg02hmgCLcB/s320/CASEIS16_tshirt_patton_02.jpg" /></a></div>
<H2>Logo Design</H2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FQnvIwST7ug/V2UZZdbjWVI/AAAAAAAAAhs/nnHG5EqCSvAonW86A0_cAYFiaRNN09z1wCLcB/s1600/CASEIS16_logo_patton_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FQnvIwST7ug/V2UZZdbjWVI/AAAAAAAAAhs/nnHG5EqCSvAonW86A0_cAYFiaRNN09z1wCLcB/s320/CASEIS16_logo_patton_01.jpg" /></a></div>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-2986706872926055062016-06-17T14:05:00.001-07:002016-06-17T14:23:04.917-07:00Seismic Reflection and Mulitbeam Sonar Bathymetry <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H2>Site Selection with Sunsets and Sunrises</H2>
<ul>
<H2>June 15, 2016</H2>
<li>We are collecting both shallow sub-bottom CHIRP seismic reflection data as well as deeper streamer seismic reflection data. The CHIRP data (the lower image below) tells us what sediments we might be able to core, how deep we could core, and the relative material properties of those sediments. If the sediments are too sandy or stiff, we cannot core as deeply into those sediments. Otherwise, the core will either (1) hit the stiff sediments before being fully embedded into them, causing the core barrel to bend or (2) get stuck in the sediments causing a large tension on the cable when being pulled out. So far on this cruise, we have had a minor core barrel bend and also have had a core stuck. The deeper seismic data help us interpret the relative age of the sediments observed in the CHIRP data. If the potential coring location has been a depocenter for a long time (a place where sediments pile up, like a sedimentary basin), then we will see these sediments in the deeper seismic data. The upper image below is the streamer seismic data in the same general region as the CHIRP data. We see that this sedimentary basin is a long lived depocenter (at least into the Pleistocene (up to 2.56 Ma), perhaps even longer).</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7qx0AOR_DFc/V2RfURCYxkI/AAAAAAAAAfc/P0X1hJgRD6Qgjuy0_DJRkEqrZYX9GY4fwCLcB/s1600/IMG_1996.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7qx0AOR_DFc/V2RfURCYxkI/AAAAAAAAAfc/P0X1hJgRD6Qgjuy0_DJRkEqrZYX9GY4fwCLcB/s320/IMG_1996.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>There are three wires trailing the ship for this streamer seismic survey (they are the “Streamers”). This photo shows the center streamer as a white cable leaving the stern of the ship. On the starboard and port sides, there are two more streamers. One may observe the white circles of bubbles formed when a sound waves are projected to the seafloor. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FT1hk7iG8GY/V2Rfk9kystI/AAAAAAAAAfk/c1syko9eQn8G-cE0LeYD16tWGPZUcxc1wCLcB/s1600/IMG_2002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FT1hk7iG8GY/V2Rfk9kystI/AAAAAAAAAfk/c1syko9eQn8G-cE0LeYD16tWGPZUcxc1wCLcB/s320/IMG_2002.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here Dr. Beck is using the acquired multibeam sonar bathymetry data to help us locate a good coring site. The blue represents deeper water and yellow represents shallower water. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZZzuJ_TQZTI/V2RimOsi0HI/AAAAAAAAAf0/yfuRjK5AwdEh5sYSINXENRq9hbMj8SICACLcB/s1600/IMG_2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZZzuJ_TQZTI/V2RimOsi0HI/AAAAAAAAAf0/yfuRjK5AwdEh5sYSINXENRq9hbMj8SICACLcB/s320/IMG_2010.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>This is another beautiful sunset to a very successful work day. </li>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bn15cF9b4Go/V2RkATHrtzI/AAAAAAAAAgI/Oc0WdMKiYpo0wnFwbNE5psRRUiSQW1z2QCLcB/s1600/DSC_0064.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bn15cF9b4Go/V2RkATHrtzI/AAAAAAAAAgI/Oc0WdMKiYpo0wnFwbNE5psRRUiSQW1z2QCLcB/s320/DSC_0064.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-139NwEg8MZg/V2Rke2muakI/AAAAAAAAAgY/SWFjtAUDJlsmstxv6nWtr5VdvF827FYwQCLcB/s1600/DSC_0071.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-139NwEg8MZg/V2Rke2muakI/AAAAAAAAAgY/SWFjtAUDJlsmstxv6nWtr5VdvF827FYwQCLcB/s320/DSC_0071.jpg" /></a></div>
<li>Here are, from left to right, Dr. Feuillet, Chloe, and Lola. </li>
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<li>Here are Quentin #1 and Olivia. </li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xHECY1ciwUY/V2Rk37ll03I/AAAAAAAAAgw/_9WVtJPaFggX3_oXK6x5KfP3vc4VTtX4gCLcB/s1600/DSC_0091.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xHECY1ciwUY/V2Rk37ll03I/AAAAAAAAAgw/_9WVtJPaFggX3_oXK6x5KfP3vc4VTtX4gCLcB/s320/DSC_0091.jpg" /></a></div>
<H2>June 16, 2016</H2>
<li>And then another beautiful sunrise to begin the next day. The lucky part about our shift is that on one shift we see the sunrise (4-8 AM) and on the other shift, we see the sunset (4-8 PM). </li>
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<li>Here are, from left to right, Quentin #1, Gaelle, Marie, and Quentin #2. </li>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-87644817803965733432016-06-15T19:23:00.000-07:002016-06-16T02:08:03.904-07:00Box Cores and Stress Relief!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H2>Box Cores, mud pies, and BBQ.</H2>
<ul>
<li>Here is a site map for the cores that we have collected so far. This is similar to maps that I have previously posted. The dots in blue show the locations of our actual core sites. We recently collected a 20.02 m piston core CAS16-21PC in an isolated basin east of the main slope, a basin formed by a backthrust fault in the western accretionary prism. We also collected a box core (CAS16-22BC) in this same location. Based upon correlations between PCs and BCs, it is good that we are collecting these BCs as there is from 0-30 cm missing sediment at the tops of our PCs. Also, BCs are better for sampling for 210Pb since the uppermost sediment in PCs, even if it is completely there, is disturbed when we curate the cores on the deck.</li>
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<H2>June 14, 2016</H2>
<li>Here Chloe anxiously awaits the arrival of 22BC. The ship’s engineers are getting ready to bring it on board. </li>
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<li>Here the engineers carefully lower the BC onto the deck. </li>
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<li>Here the engineers unbolt the part of the corer that contains the sediment from the part of the corer that has the rest of the mechanisms for coring. This is similar to the piston corer, where there is the core barrel and the rest of the mechanisms. </li>
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<li>Next we drain the water from the top of the core by drinking the sea water. Not really, we just use this tubing to siphon the water. Quentin D. is on the left and Charles Deschamps, from another shift, helps us do this because this is our first BC and he has done this for 4 BCs.</li>
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<li>We remove some sediment stuck to the outside of the BC, captured by the trap door used to keep the sediment in the core. Dr. Beck shows us that there are abundant forams in this sediment. Look for the small white grains exposed in the sediment. Those are the forams. Whomever gets to pick the forams for radiocarbon age control will be lucky since they are so large (this requires fewer numbers of forams than in an oceanographic setting that has smaller sized forams, like the northeast Pacific). </li>
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<li>Then we measure the thickness of the sediment so that we can cut the sub-sampling cores to the correct length. </li>
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<li>Here Quentin holds the sub-sampling core as Dr. Beck cuts it with his meat cutting saw. </li>
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<li>Here Chloe, Gaelle, Lola, and Marie show us that they have cleaned and labeled the cores. We will take 3 sub-samples. </li>
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<li>Here Chloe inserts the core into the sediment. </li>
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<li>Here Quentin D. measures the sediment inside and outside of the core to determine how much compaction might have occurred inside of the core. </li>
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<li>We can see that there are abundant forams on the surface of the sediment, along with some small pieces of shell (the larger white pieces). </li>
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<li>Next we remove some bolts to allow us to lift up the side of the BC. This reveals the sediment stratigraphy. The sediment in this core does not appear to have any sandy turbidites in the surface. There may be muddy turbidites, but we will need to wait until we can CT scan the sub-sample cores. </li>
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<li>Then we dig out the sediment surrounding the sub-sample cores so that we can place caps on them. </li>
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<li>This process allows for a well-deserved stress reliever, the mud fight. People got to paint each other with mud and this was lots of fun. Here is Marie modeling her mud markings. </li>
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<li>Here my shift mates continue to play with the mud as they clean out the BC. There is nothing better than a mud fight as it helps people to remember to have fun. I watch from the sidelines to ensure that I can prevent mud from getting into my camera. Heheh. </li>
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<li>This is the sunset from the end of this day.</li>
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<li>Dr. Feuillet and the second chief mate Martin work closely together to navigate around a small target area in the subduction zone trench. We found some promising CHIRP seismic data but the trench is filled with hummocky topography and the target sedimentary layers are in small regions between the hummocks. </li>
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<li>This is a panorama from the bridge. </li>
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<li>Patrice Woerther gave a presentation today about how he and his colleagues have designed the coring system used on the ship. This system uses pressure transducers and accelerometers to evaluate how the piston coring system performs while coring. These data allow them to configure the coring system to collect sediment in the core that is not deformed. </li>
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</ul>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-82916778393094964652016-06-13T16:30:00.000-07:002016-06-13T16:30:54.631-07:00The CASEIS16 cruise continues to be successful<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We have challenges and overcome them...</H1>
<H2>June 10, 2016</H2>
<li>Here Dr. Beck discusses the sedimentary structures in this core to Dr. Feuillet, Gaelle, and Lola.</li>
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<li>This shows a ball and pillow structure that Dr. Beck was discussing in the above photo. The top of the core is to the left. The sediment on the left is a sand at the base of a turbidite. The brown sediment below this sand is hemipelagic sediment (background sedimentation between turbidites and tephras). Below the hemipelagite is another turbidite. As the overlying turbidite was deposited, it caused a heavy load in the underlying sediment, causing some of the sediment to push up and some to push down. This is the cause of this ball and pillow structure (the wavy contact between the sand and the hemipelagite between 38 and 44 cm).</li>
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<li>We are making good time on our cruise, as the N/O Pourquoi Pas cuts through the sea.</li>
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<H2>June 11, 2016</H2>
<li>I presented my research offshore of Sumatra today. This talk was well attended by both science crew and the ship’s crew. The main purpose was to help the science crew learn about turbidite Paleoseismology. I discussed one of the key tools used to discriminate from various different landslide triggering mechanisms. </li>
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<li>The core cutting saw malfunctioned today. We are equipped to repair our instruments as there is not a hardware store around the street corner or in the local neighborhood. Tony, part of the coring engineer crew, repairs the core cutting saw.</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Beck and Lola describe the stratigraphy found in core CAS16-16PC.</li>
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<li>This is a plot of the wire tension. The vertical axis is tension in tons (1-14 tons). Time is from left to right. As the core is being lowered, the tension fluctuates between 4 and 5 tons due to ship heave (ocean swell) and the elastic nature of the cable. When the core drops into the sediment, the tension rapidly drops to about 1 ton (the weight of the cable, etc.). Then the winch is operated to pull the core out of the mud. This is represented by an increase in tension, up to about 12 tons. At this point, the tension drops to the ambient weight of the sediment core, the weight stand, and the cable. Note how the weight is slightly more than it was before the core went into the sediment. This difference is the weight of the sediment in the core. </li>
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<li>Here Chloe give us a thumbs up because we see that there is sediment covering the outside of the core pipe (telling us that the core was embedded in sediment.</li>
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<li>Dr. Beck looks at the sediment to see what type of sediment that the core sampled. We found that there were foraminifera in this sediment, so this core will be useful for radiocarbon age control.</li>
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<H2>June 12, 2016</H2>
<li>Here the ship’s crew prepares another piston core. Note that they are wearing all the appropriate safety gear (steel toe boots, helmets, and life vests). The large rectangular shaped device on the top of the core is the weight stand. The red, white, and orange rectangular shaped objects are weights. We can change the amount of weight in the weight stand depending upon how deep we want to core. The deeper that we want to core, the more weights we use.</li>
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<li>In an earlier post I showed a box core as it was being prepared. Once the box core is back on the ship, we take core liners and subsample the box core. Box cores are important to ensure that we have sampled the uppermost sediments from the seafloor. Piston coring disturbs these uppermost sediments and when we conduct 210Pb analyses for depositional rate calculations, it is very important to have undisturbed sediment. We use the same diameter core liners as the piston cores, so that we can run these core samples through the same MST/MSCL analyses as the piston cores. To make it easier for us to insert these core liners into the sediment, we sharpen the tips of the liners with a grinder.</li>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-83872840800428628102016-06-09T03:42:00.001-07:002016-06-09T17:59:29.374-07:00More cores are collected and processed<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We continue to collect sedimentary cores...</H1>
<ul>
<H2>June 6, 2016</H2>
<li>Here is a site map for the cores that we have collected so far. This is similar to maps that I have previously posted. The planned sites are in green, yellow, and red that are ranked by color from high to low priority. The dots in blue show the locations of our actual core sites. </li>
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<li>This is the Multi Sensor Track (MST), also known as the Multi Core Sensing Logger (MSCL) manufactured by GeoTek. In prior posts I show how this device is used to scan real color imagery (RGB) of the split cores. Here the MST is configured to collect four principle geophysical properties of the cores. These properties are the first that are measured after the core is cut up into 1.5 m segments and labeled. From right to left, the properties include: Gamma Density, P-Wave Velocity, Resistivity, and Loop Magnetic Susceptibility. Below is a general description of each of these measurements.</li>
<ol>
<li><b>Gamma Density</b> Here, there is a source of gamma radiation, 137Cs located in a canister with yellow stickers. The stickers warn the user of the source of radiation. The gamma rays are emitted away from the operator of the instrument. As they pass through the core, they are absorbed differently by materials with different density. The sensor (out of view on the far side of the track) measures the amount of radiation that makes it through the core. This is, in essence, a way of measuring the density of the material in the core.</li>
<li><b>P-Wave Velocity</b> The blue parts of this instrument send seismic P-Waves through the core. The P-Wave velocity will vary depending upon the density, bulk modulus, and shear modulus of the material in the sediment core. The bulk and shear moduli are two measures of elastic properties of materials. </li>
<li><b>Resistivity </b> There is a source and sensor on the bottom of the track that measures the conductivity of the materials in the sediment core. These data are integrated over a large portion of the core and are generally of little use for us. The data typically have a long wavelength signal and we are interested in short wavelength signals (like found in mag sus and density data).</li>
<li><b>Loop Magnetic Susceptibility</b> As the core is passed through the white plastic device, it passes through a wire that applies a magnetic field through the core. Mag Sus is essentially a measure of how well the sediment can hold a magnetic charge. In other words, how much of the material in the sediment core is composed of magnetic minerals, like magnetite. Because these magnetic minerals tend to be more dense, the mag sus data generally covary (i.e. match) the density data. There are some cases when these data do not covary, like in tephras. Tephras will have high mag sus values, but low density values (in general).</li>
</ol>
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<li>Here Quentin D. is collecting a U-Channel sample from the work half of this sediment core section. Some of the sediment is very stiff and difficult to insert the u-channel into. So, we place the u-channel on the sediment to make marks. Then we use a knife or a putty knife to cut into the sediment, making it easier to insert the u-channel. In the second photo Quentin is being dramatic for the photo because an important aspect of all life on Earth is to have a little fun.</li>
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<li>Here Marie is looking at a small sample of the sediment that has been placed in water to check for microfossil content. Microfossils can tell us the oceanographic conditions in place when the sediment was deposited. In some cases, these are the conditions at place on the seafloor where the sediment is found. In other cases, the sediment is transported and reworked (so the microfossils tell us something about from where the sediment came from before it was deposited in the core location.</li>
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<li>Once the cores have been described and measured for geophysical properties, we place them in plastic bags and then these plastic boxes. We can see that we are being quite successful in filling this refrigerated area of the ship. This area will be completely full by the end of the cruise (fingers crossed).</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Beck and I are splitting the core section in half. First we cut the core with a special saw and then we run a wire through this cut. In some cases, the sediment is too stiff to run the wire, so we need to place a putty knife through the core partway to make it easier to slice the sediment with the wire. Anyone familiar with cutting clay for making ceramic vases, plates, etc. would be familiar with this method. </li>
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<li>Here is the core that we just split. This is core CAS16-09PC section I (the top). The top of the core is on the near side and the base of this core section is on the far side (out of focus). The section on the left is labeled W and is the work half (the half that gets described and sampled with the u-channel) and the half on the right is labeled A for being the archive half (the half that gets imaged and measured for point mag sus, photospectrometry, and possibly X-Ray Fluorescence). There is a gap in the sediment that is where a large magnet was removed. The magnet is a component of the coring operation. </li>
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<li>Here Dr. St-Onge has completed taking the u-channel and is filling the empty space with foam so the core section can be packaged into the rectangular boxes for shipment to the core repository. His graduate students will be conducting paleomagnetic measurements on these u-channels, so he is very excited to ensure that these u-channel samples are collected, prepared, and stored properly. This meticulous work is necessary to ensure that the sediment is not disturbed.</li>
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<li>Here Rachel Haussman, an undergraduate student of Dr. Chris Goldfinger’s (who will join the cruise on the second leg). Ms. Haussman is labeling the rectangular boxes and the blue end caps. We call these D-tubes because the original plastic boxes were not rectangular, but shaped like a D (like the cross section of a core section half). Ms. Haussman is making sure to label all these parts carefully so that it is easy to quickly tell what core section is in the box.</li>
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<H2>June 7, 2016</H2>
<li>Here we review safety protocols that we take during our work shift. While working on a ship, it is very important that we are careful not to injure ourselves. If we are injured, we are far away from hospital care if that is needed. There is medical care aboard the ship, but there are limitations as far as how extensive the care that might be needed. For example, there is not a surgeon on board. So, if a crew member needs this specialized care, they would either need to be evacuated by helicopter or the ship would need to return to port. To prevent this, we have strict safety protocols that we follow. Recently a crew member had a medical condition that required a helicopter evacuation. See the official blog linked above for photos of the helicopter evacuation.</li>
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<li>The ship’s crew has prepared this core for our longest core (yet) for this cruise. The core length is 29 meters. We hope to sample a long paleoseismic record in this core. This core is CAS16-12PC (see map above for the blue dot labeled 12). The core actually got plugged by a stiff clay layer, so “rodded” which prevented any more sediment from entering the core. The actual core length was only 18.53 m.</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Beck, Quentin D., and I take a look at a map showing the multibeam bathymetry (dark blue = deeper; light green = shallower) that we have collected during this cruise. We use these bathymetry data to help locate core sites and to plan for CHIRP seismic data acquisition (which is also necessary for site planning). </li>
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<li>Dr. Feuillet awaits the arrival of core 12PC. The core has been rotated from vertical to horizontal and now hangs from winches. These winches will then move the core on board and lower the core into rollers so the liner can be removed. </li>
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<li>Here Patrice (the coring engineer on the left) explains some of his analysis from the coring of this core 12PC. He is presenting his results to Dr. Feuillet and the Captain (in the red helmet). Patrice and his coring team have sophisticated ways of knowing how far the core penetrates into the sea floor and many other parameters. Patrice and his team are possibly the most advanced corers on the seas today. I am lucky to be able to work with these scientists and engineers. </li>
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<li>This is a box corer. This device samples the seafloor with a square tube about 50 cm on each side. There is a scoop (on the right) that, after the corer is embedded into the sediment, scoops down to cover the bottom of the corer to collect the sediment into the box. Check out the official blog site for a photo of the box corer full of sediment. </li>
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<H2>June 8, 2016</H2>
<li>Quentin D. is busy describing this sediment core section. However, he takes a brief moment to pose for an imaginary magazine photo shoot for the cover of a magazine entitled “Marine Geology Quarterly” (an imaginary gentleman’s magazine) </li>
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<li>Here Chloe is cleaning the u-channel of excess sediment. This is important because this excess sediment is deformed, so will give incorrect paleomagnetic measurements. </li>
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<li>Here Lola is also carefully cleaning the u-channel for CAS16-12PC section XI. </li>
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<li>Chloe is labeling the u-channel lid. We label everything! </li>
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</ul>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-5916164114329277232016-06-04T16:36:00.000-07:002016-06-04T16:41:26.384-07:00More cores and creative solutions!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We collected our 3rd core today and are now collecting the 4th.</H1>
<ul>
<li>I thought it would be nice to show everyone the science team. Everyone but two people in the photo below are on the first leg (so will be joining us on the second leg). I will not be on the second leg, so will be attempting to get my land legs back on 6/19. When I returned from my cruise offshore Sumatra in 2007, for the first three days, when I got out of bed in the morning, the ground would feel like it was moving like on a ship. I would sway back and forth in response to imaginary motions. This was quite surreal.</li>
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<li>Here, Dr. Beck is discussing with Dr. Ratzof his interpretation for the ubiquitous black layers (seen in the core here). These layers smell like Sulphur and have planktic silicic fossils (from organisms that lived in the surface water that have silica exoskeletons, like radiolaria, diatom, etc.). Dr. Beck suspects that these represent a time period (decadal to century scale) when there was a bloom of life leading to anoxic conditions (the organisms may have metabolized the oxygen in the water). This anoxic condition was possibly transported to the seafloor in some way, leading to the reduction (black). As we can see, Dr. Ratzof is ready for his well deserved off-shift break time.</li>
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<li>Dr. Beck was quite resourceful because he acquired some vinegar from the mess as a replacement for hydrochloric acid. This allows us to test to see if sediment is calcareous or siliceous. Much of the sediment in these cores is clay sized, making it difficult to tell the source. When calcite is exposed to acid, it effervesces. If one looks closely at the dish full of sediment in this photo below, one will see the bubbles formed by this process. </li>
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<li>This is an example of our resourcefulness. This is one of the clipboards that we made from plywood and binder clips while at the port before the cruise. Above that is the measuring device we use to describe the cores. We taped a sewing tape (in cm) to a stick. Crude, but effective.</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Beck drills holes into the end caps that we place on the core sections. </li>
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<li>Here is a view of the uppermost sections from CAS16-04PC. The ubiquitous “homogenite/turbidite” is in the upper three sections. We can see that there is another similar deposit in sections V and VI. In between these thicker deposits are many other thinner deposits varying from hemipelagites, turbidites, and other types.</li>
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<li>These are the uppermost two sections from core CAS16-07PC, a core collected in the northernmost basin that we have cored so far. In section I (on the left) is again this homogenite/turbidite deposit with its top about halfway up the core (remember the top of the core is on the far side of the table. What do you see that is different in this core from the other cores? Yes, that is right, the homogenite is much thinner here. This may be due to several reasons. If this deposit is Seismogenic (meaning that an earthquake is responsible for its deposition), then the region from where the sediment came to form this deposit may be at a greater distance from the earthquake than the other cores. As I have mentioned before, the downgoing North America plate has several fracture zones that may be controlling the spatiotemporal patterns of earthquakes along the megathrust. The Barracuda Ridge intersects the subduction zone near the location of core CAS16-07PC. While speculative at this point, the thinner deposit in this core may be sedimentary evidence of tapered slip during a megathrust earthquake due to the segmentation of the subduction zone imparted by the Barracuda Ridge. This is the topic of discussion between myself and Dr. Ratzof.</li>
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<li>Here is another map showing the core locations with the Barracuda Ridge and Tiburon Rise labeled (the next fracture zone to the south, which may be another source of subduction zone fault segmentation. Note the location of core 7. </li>
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<li>So many of these cores are absolutely beautiful. This is an example of one of these cores. Dr. Beck and I split this core and he remarked that it is so perfectly split that we do not even need to clean it before we scan it for RGB (real color) imagery. We did clean it of course. Here the two Quentins appreciate the beauty of this core. </li>
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<li>Here my team mates are placing plastic wrap on the cores after they have been described (left to right, Lola, Gaelle, and Chloe). After the plastic wrap, they then get placed in a plastic bag and then the D-Tubes. If these cores are curated well, they can last decades in the core repository with little degradation. If not prepared well, they won’t last nearly as long. </li>
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<li>One of the key parts to a smooth running operation is keeping our workspaces clean. Here Marie is cleaning the core description table before someone starts describing the next core section. We also do this at the end of our shift so that the next shift arrives to a clean laboratory. Marie is working so fast that her hands are a blur in this photo. </li>
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<li>Here are our helmets. We need to wear helmets and work boots when working on the deck with the core. Safety First! </li>
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<li>Being at sea, as I have mentioned, requires one to be resourceful when problems arise. After all, we cannot simply go to the market to get any supplies that are unavailable on the ship. These cores are very shiny and wet, so when we scan them for RGB imagery, they have a high albedo. This means that they reflect light back to the camera, producing scans that are so shiny that one cannot see the sediment. Dr. Herve Guyard (the post-doc working on this project) tested an hypothesis that if he placed kim-wipes (small pieces of paper scientists use to clean objects, similar in size and texture to toilet paper) on the cores prior to scanning, that they dried the cores sufficiently to produce a less shiny scan. Yet another success at sea! Here Chloe watches as Pierre applies the kim-wipe method. </li>
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<li>Here we can see the RGB imagery scanner mounted on a pole above the core. There is a black box that contains the light for the scan (which assures a constant light level for the exposure). </li>
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<li>After the cores are scanned for RGB imagery, they are then again wrapped in plastic before the photospectrometry and point magnetic susceptibility analyses. Here are Chloe and Marie doing this! The plastic allows the sensors to come into contact with the core, without getting the sensors all muddy. </li>
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<li>As is traditional on research cruises, Dr. Feuillet prepared and gave a presentation to the science and ship’s crew today. The attendance was high with some people having to stand outside in the hallway to see the talk. Dr. Feuillet presented background material about plate tectonics, subduction zones, the natural hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis) posed for the inhabitants of the islands along the Lesser Antilles. It is because of these risks that the French Government provided financial support for this cruise. They may also fund the analysis of the data from the cruise (in France, these are separate proposals). Here is a photo of the attendees shortly before the talk began (about 10 more people showed up after I took this photo). </li>
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<li>Here Nathalie begins her talk. </li>
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<li>Here Nathalie shows a cross sectional view of the subduction zone that forms the volcanic arc and is the source for large subduction zone earthquakes along the Lesser Antilles. </li>
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<li>On 8 Feb, 1843, there was an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of M 8.5. As I mentioned on my initial pre-cruise blog post <a href="http://humboldt-jay.blogspot.com/2016/05/lesser-antilles-historic-seismicity.html">here</a>, this earthquake was felt in South and North America. This is a painting showing an interpretation of the devastation experienced at the port of Pointe-a-Pitre. The volcano La Soufriere is shown in the background (though was not erupting at the time; consider this to be the artist making the devastation seem more catastrophic).</li>
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<li>Here is a figure from Hough (2013) showing a plot of felt reports using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI). The MMI scale is a qualitative assessment of the felt ground shaking and damage from an earthquake. </li>
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<a href="http://earthjay.com/lesser_antilles/hough_2013_missing_earthquakes_fig_2A.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="http://earthjay.com/lesser_antilles/hough_2013_missing_earthquakes_fig_2A.PNG" width="100%" /></a></div>
<li>Dr. Feuillet showed a couple animations of a lab experiment that shows how submarine landslides triggered by earthquakes may leave behind sedimentary deposits called turbidities. The photo below shows a small turbidity current being deposited on the seafloor (in a glass tank). </li>
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<li>Nathalie then shows the audience that it is in these deposits that we place piston cores to investigate for the prehistoric record of earthquakes in the submarine setting. In this slide, she also shows some CHIRP seismic reflection data from one of our core sites. In these seismic data, we can actually identify individual deposits! The uppermost homogenite is the light gray layer immediately beneath the uppermost black layer. </li>
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<li>Here is a site map for the cores that we have collected so far. This is similar to maps that I have previously posted. The planned sites are in green, yellow, and red that are ranked by color from high to low priority. The dots in blue show the locations of our actual core sites. </li>
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</ul>
<br /></div>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-19992020839903448322016-06-02T18:28:00.000-07:002016-06-02T18:58:45.656-07:00Core splitting and core CAS16-03PC preliminary expose<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>Core splitting and core CAS16-03PC!</H1>
<ul>
<li>After labeling and cutting three cores, our shift finally got the opportunity to split some cores. The Oregon State University Marine Geologic Repository and Coring Facility has two similar core splitting devices as this one. Here Dr. Gueorgui Ratzov helps us split our first core. First we place the core section on the track.</li>
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<li>Then we orient the core so that each section is split in the same direction. One half becomes the work half and the other half is the archive half. The work half is the half that is described for litho- and biostratigraphy. Also, we collect U-Channel samples from the work half for paleomagnetic and other analyses to be conducted by Dr. St-Onge and his students in Quebec at the Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski. The archive half is used for real color imaging (RGB), photospectrometry, point magnetic susceptibility, and possibly X-Ray Fluorescence.</li>
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<li>Here Gaele is operating the core splitter. She is smiling, so it appears that marine paleoseismology can be fun even on a ship wearing safety glasses, hearing protection, and gloves while operating an instrument that makes a sound like ten thousand pieces of chalk scratching on a chalkboard.</li>
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<li>Here is the result.</li>
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<li>Then Dr. Beck cuts the end caps with a saw. He is careful to cut a straight line and to avoid cutting himself.</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Gueorgui Ratzov shows us the technique to separate the two halves of the sediment using a monofilament (fishing line) wrapped around two pieces of wood as handles.</li>
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<li>Here the seismologist Dr. Frédérique Leclerc, a postdoctoral fellow at the Earth Observatory at Singapore, is getting a narrative about what we are finding in the sediment cores. Dr. Leclerc is working on the ship by processing the CHIRP seismic data so that we can see the subsurface stratigraphy. This helps us select good coring sites.</li>
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<li>Here is our next long core. We brought this on deck at the end of our shift, so the next shift got a chance to label and cut it up. We did get to measure it at 19.35 m, the longest core from this cruise so far. Dr. Beck chats with the engineers who are concerned that we save energy by closing the doors to keep the air conditioner operational. We are grateful for everything that the engineers do to ensure a safe, successful, and comfortable research cruise. We could not do this research without them. We also enjoy chatting and joking with them. </li>
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<li>OK, now for some exciting science (not that everything else is not exciting). This is core CAS16-03PC, the 9.44 m core. The uppermost section is on the left and the top of each core is on the far side of the table (so, sections I to VI from left to right and section VII on the far right, mostly out of view). Drs. Feuillet, St-Onge, and Beck are standing from left to right. Dr. Beck is describing his interpretation of some of the units. There is a very thick deposit (~4.5 m) deposit that spans sections IV through I. The base of this deposit is at about halfway down section IV and the top is about mid-core in section I. The part in section IV and the lowermost part of section III appears to have several sub-units with sedimentary structures showing the direction of deposition switching from left to right. The rest of the overlying part of the deposit appears purely homogeneous mud. Dr. Beck interprets this to be a homogenite. He has published papers about a homogenite in the Sea of Maramara that is related to an earthquake and possibly due to a seiche that formed when an internal wave formed between sediment rich water and overlying water when the motion from a Seismogenic turbidite(s?) resonated with the basin geometry. While I was napping after my shift, the next shift split open core CAS16-04PC to find a similar deposit. We also see this deposit imaged in the CHIRP data.</li>
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chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-9276355429414057082016-06-01T20:39:00.000-07:002016-06-02T10:13:50.869-07:00Cores 3 and 4 have been acquired, marking our longest core so far!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We collected our 3rd core today and are now collecting the 4th.</H1>
<ul>
<li>We collected our third core today in a sedimentary basin to the East of Guadeloupe. This basin appears to be isolated from terrigenous sedimentary input. The seafloor is again very deep at ~5800 m. So, it was surprising that we saw abundant forams in the mud that coated the core barrel when it came up on the ship. We extended our core barrel to 14 m, but only received 9.44 m of sediment. This core is the blue dot labled "3" in the map below. Our next core location is near the yellow dot between core sites 1 and 2.</li>
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<li>Here Quentin D. awaits core CAS16-03PC. We watch the core be rotated from vertical to horizontal so that it can be brought up onto the ship. Then the core liner will be removed.</li>
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<li>Here Patrice (the coring engineer who controls the settings on the piston corer) takes a look at the sediment in the core tip. We are all interested in this sediment as it helps us learn about why the core may or may not penetrate into the seafloor. Our initial core got stuck in some sandy sediment (we think?), and we have identified this sediment in the seismic records. At this core site, this same layer appeared to be slightly different, suggesting that we might be able to core into it. Unfortunately we did not core into this layer, so we were unable to test our hypothesis. We will have the opportunity to test this hypothesis again with the next core. </li>
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<li>The seismic data show that each basin, which generally have isolated sources of sediment, have very similar seismic records. The differences between these coring sites, it appears, is that some basins have expanded section (the same layers are thicker, or “expanded”). Other basins have the same layers, but are thinner. </li>
<li>For paleoseismic investigations, we are very interested in expanded section because the layers have the most amount of information. When the layers of sediment are thinner, this information is stuffed into a smaller space, making it more difficult to tell the layers apart. Being able to correlate sedimentary layers from cores in different basins is the key tool for being able to interpret these layers to have been caused by earthquakes. </li>
<li>Here is a view of the core tip, showing the clay rich sediment. We watch the core as it arrives above the water surface to see if it has sediment coated on it. Sometimes the entire core can be submerged in the sediment, so the rectangular part of the coring device (the weight stand) can be coated in sediment too. This would be bad news as it would suggest that the corer went too deep into the sediment and that we might not have cored the top of the seafloor. There was a M 8.5 earthquake on 8 Feb. 1843 (mentioned in a previous post <a href="http://humboldt-jay.blogspot.fr/2016/05/lesser-antilles-historic-seismicity.html">here</a>. If sedimentary evidence of this earthquake is to be found in any of these cores, it will be in the uppermost decimeters of sediment. So, it is very important that we sample the seafloor. </li>
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<li>Here the engineers remove the core tip and core catcher (basically a one-way flap that prevents sediment that has been collected in the core barrel stays in the core barrel), both which can contain sediment that we collect for later analyses.</li>
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<li>In this case, there is still sediment in the tip of the core barrel, so the engineer removes some of this so that they can connect a device that grabs the core liner so that we can pull the liner out of the core barrel. </li>
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<li>Here we have pulled the core liner out of the barrel and placed the liner on stations so that we can label and cut it into 150 cm sections or shorter. Quentin #2 and Dr. Nathalie Feuillet await in anticipation to see how much sediment is in the core liner. </li>
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<li>Here the engineers prepare the core barrel to be used again. This time, they are configuring the core to be 22.4 meters long. First they are screwing another core barrel on, then they will glue two liners together and place that in the core barrel, with the core tip and core catcher on last. We will be coring in a basin that has an expanded section (each sedimentary layer is thicker than in other basins. For example, a layer base than might be 10 meters deep in one basin might be 20 meters deep in a basin with expanded section. </li>
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<li>Here Lola is labeling the end caps for the core section. Each core section gets an end cap that contains all the information about that core section. We choose to label every part that is associated with a core section. That way, if someone makes a mistake, it is easier to correct it. It is very important that we keep track of every gram of sediment that we collect. This type of research is very expensive, so we make sure that we are accountable. This is also important from the scientific view, because we want to keep track of our data sources with the greatest diligence.</li>
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<li>Here is a map showing our cruise trackline (the record of where the ship went). The tracklinne is the black line and the current ship's location is the black symbol (circle with two arrows) at the end of the black line. The planned trackline is an orange line and due to water and wind currents, the actual trackline is slightly different. This shows how we cross a core site in two direction to collect seismic reflection data. This allows us to know the sediment stratigraphic relations for the core site. This also allows us to change our core site if we can see a location that has better stratigraphy in some way.</li>
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<li>Here I am with my lab coat on. I am using a stethoscope to find out what is in these sediment cores (core CAS16-03PC). I think that this is not working well and that maybe the traditional approach is better. My colleagues agree, so we will abandon this attempt to discover what is inside these cores. </li>
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<li>Here Dr. Feuillet is awaiting the arrival of our 22.4 meter core, CAS16-04PC. She is observing that there is sediment on the outside of the core barrel. This means that the core has been embedded in sediment on the seafloor (i.e. that the core did not fall on its side when it hit the seafloor). We always like to get some of this sediment on our finger as soon as we can so that we can get some idea about what is at the seafloor. We are always looking for foraminifera fossils because they can be used for radiocarbon age control. After we get the core on deck and determine the amount of sediment in it, we find that there is about 19 meters of sediment! This is great news!!! We surpassed the hard layer that we think that an earlier core got stuck in and we cored into a deeper “acoustically transparent” (in the seismic data) sedimentary package that is ubiquitous in all of the sedimentary basins in this region.</li>
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<li>Here Marie is labeling our 19+ meter core! This is a very long core and the longest one from this cruise so far. Our team actually has received, labeled, and cut 3 of the 4 cores that have been collected on this cruise. Two of these we did today and we did this longest core in record time! We are really getting into a rhythm.</li>
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<li>We were so inspired by our success (we finished 20 minutes before our shift ended, we decided it would be nice to have a group photo with the lowest core section, lucky number 13.</li>
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<br /></div>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-73785828885752420812016-05-31T05:53:00.000-07:002016-06-01T12:10:21.076-07:00The second core has been described, acquiring seismic data for site selection.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We continued working on our two cores today! We are also acquiring seismic data.</H1>
<ul>
<li>Here are the core sections from our second core layed out prior to being imaged by the MST true color RGB scanner. The uppermost core (section I) is on the left and the lowest core section (section VI) is on the right. This core is 8.63 m in length. The top of the cores are on the far side of the table. </li>
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<li>Here is Quentin #2 beginning to scan one of these core sections. </li>
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<li>The previous shift had successfully completed splitting and describing the core sections from core #2. Our shift then collected U-Channel samples. These are 2 cm by 2 cm samples that run the entire length of the core. These samples will be used by a graduate student (Quentin #2) to analyze the paleomagnetic properties of these cores. These samples will be analyzed at Dr. St-Onge's paleomagnetometry lab. Here is Quentin #1 collecting a U-Channel sample from one of the sections of core CAS16-02PC.</li>
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<li>Here is Quentin #2 cleaning the U-Channel so that we can place a lid on it.</li>
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<li>Finally, we place special "magnetic-property-free" tape (like a birthday gift all wrapped up) on the ends of the U-Channel sample. Then we place these into a "D-Tube" to be shipped to Quebec.</li>
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<li>Shortly after our shift began, the sun rose and we all took a few minutes to embrace the day with the beautiful view. Too many times we do not enjoy this and simply work through it. But today, we took this moment of beauty for ourselves. </li>
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<li>Time for my second sleep (we have two 4 hour shifts) so that I can be well rested for tonight's shift. We will be acquiring two more cores tonight, so will be very busy in the core lab very soon. The cores will be located near the yellow and red dots to the northwest of the green dot labeled 1 in the map below.</li>
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<br /></div>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-15528165840379200452016-05-30T18:57:00.001-07:002016-06-01T12:10:23.414-07:00Cores are being described now!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>We started describing cores today!</H1>
<ul>
<li>Here are all but one of the core sections form our first core CAS16-01PC. The top of each core is on the far side of the table and the uppermost section is on the left. The core on the right is more gray and is probably from the Pleistocene, while the more brown cores are from the Holocene. The missing core section (being analyzed) shows the transition between the upper brown/red sediments and the lower gray sediments. These cores are full of turbidites and hemipelagites. For example, on the lowest section, there is a dark section about 40% of the way up from the base that gets lighter in value upwards. There is another example of this about 60% up from the base of this core section. The base of these darker layers are the bases of some turbidites.</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Ratzov is training students how to "log" a core with a core sheet. You met my shift-mates in the last blogpost <a href="http://humboldt-jay.blogspot.fr/2016/05/we-have-collected-our-second-core-cas16.html">here</a>.</li>
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<li>Here are two shiftmates from the previous shift finishing up a core description (Kay is on the left, with the lab coat). We can see that it is fun to describe the sediment stratigraphy (while I think it is fun, they were actually smiling because everyone has fun having their photo being taken).</li>
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<li>Here Dr. Beck is training two more of my shift mates on how to prepare a lithostratigraphic log. Julia from a different shift is observing and finds it funny that I keep taking photos of everyone.</li>
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<li>Here my cabin mate Quentin (from Quebec) is describing a core section.</li>
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<li>Here we can join in the pleasure of seeing the first core split and cleaned. After preliminary observations, these cores are quite promising to hold a vast treasure of geological data. I cannot wait until we see the next core!!! And, by the look on Herve's and Nathalie's faces, neither can they!</li>
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<li>Here is a panorama from my cell phone showing the core section (on the left) that I was describing (section IV, the fourth section from the top) and a section that we saw the previous shift describing in the photo above. This photo is distorted, but gives us an idea of what is in the core. The section that I described is the core that does not appear to have as much layering (laminations).</li>
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<li>Here is the lithologic log from my section.</li>
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<li>After the cores equilibrated with the temperature of the MST room, they were analyzed. Then they were cut by a paired saw set up, lengthwise, and split into an archive and a working half. I will post photos of that when we do this during our shift (or if I am awake when someone else does it). But, before we started, we had a fire drill. This took us to plage 6 (deck 6), where we got to watch the streamer in action. I know it is not exciting from this view, but we are collecting seismic data that will be important to interpret the structural geology and relations between the upper plate and megathrust in this location. Below is a photo of Drs. Nathalie Fueillet and Guillaume St-Onge. Nathalie is smiling because she is pleased with our excellent progress. We have collected two great cores (more on that below) and are acquiring high quality seismic data. I will post more on the seismic data once it is analyzed and prepared for (preliminary) presentation.</li>
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<li>After the core is split, the archive half is scanned with a real color (RGB) scanner. Then the MST instrument is reconfigured to collect photospectometry and point magnetic susceptibility data (high resolution mag sus). As I mentioned, I will talk more about the initial full core MST analyses when it happens during my shift (so I can take photos). The photospectrometry allows spectral analyses of the cores. Below is the the configuration showing the spectrometer on the left (beige and tan) and the point mag sensor (the white device) immediately to the right. Not the radioactive sign. That is the 137Cs radiation source used to estimate the down-core density profile. The core moves from the right to the left.</li>
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<li>Here is the computer showing the profile of mag sus and average reflectometry.</li>
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<li>We started by having Georgi train the students on how to describe a core. There are a number of ways to do this and he updated my description so that my description was consistent with others. Here is a photo of Georgi training the students.</li>
<br /></div>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6449265101919882268.post-33843861948136155432016-05-30T10:52:00.002-07:002016-06-01T12:10:25.694-07:00We have collected our second core: CAS16-02PC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<H2>The official CASEIS Cruise Blog is located here: <a href="http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis">http://www.ipgp.fr/caseis</a> This official blog is written by my shift-mate Lola Johannes.</H2>
<H1>Our Second core, CAS16-02PC, arrives on board.</H1>
<ul>
<li>Today, as I arrived to my shift at 4 AM, Dr. Georgy Ratzov filled Dr. Christian Beck and I in about what we could expect for our shift and what he learned from prior shifts. The second core had just been pulled out of the seafloor and was on its way to the surface, so we had a little time to get ready to process the core. I mentioned the steps in the last blog post <a href="http://humboldt-jay.blogspot.fr/2016/05/our-first-core-cas16-01pc.html">here</a>. We would basically prepare, label, and cut the core up to let it sit to later be scanned by the MSCL team.</li>
<li>Here Dr. Christian Beck awaits the arrival of the core on the ship. He is observing to see if there is sediment on the outside of the core, which would indicate that the core had been embedded in the seafloor. When this core was being pulled out, there was not much tension on the wire (so it was not stuck in the mud with much coupling, unlike the first core).</li>
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<li>Here we can see that the core is on board now. The next step is to rotate the core up to be parallel with the deck and then be placed in the white rollers on the right. Then the core catcher (a device that keeps the sediment in the core when the core is removed from the sea floor) is removed and the white PVC core liner is pulled out of the core barrel.</li>
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<li>Then Dr. Christian Beck (I call him "le chirurgien" (the surgeon) as we cut the liner with a butcher's saw) cuts the top of the core at the top of the sediment. The sediment does not completely fill the liner in most, but not all, cases. Lola Johannes awaits to place a cap on the top of the core.</li>
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<li>Then we clean, dry, and label the core liner. We mark it at 150 cm intervals to guide our surgeon precision cutting. Dr. Beck learned to cut wood from his grandfather who was a carpenter. I get to cut some of the sections and I tell him that it was also my grandfather who was a carpenter as well.</li>
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<li>Here is my entire team. From left to right: Gaelle, Lola Johannes, Chloe Seibert, Marie, Quentin, Christian Beck, and me (Jason Patton) behind the lens. We are cutting the last cut of this core, but not the final cut (which Dr. Beck remarked about the last Pink Floyd album.</li>
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<li>Here is the last section of this core, at the base of the core. These are the typical labels on the side of the core and the end caps. We will then move these core sections into the MST lab to acclimate to the temperature of the instrument</li>
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<li>Here the cores are lined up to be scanned for their geophysical properties.</li>
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<li>This plot of the <a href="http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/sfmapping/chirp.htm">CHIRP</a> seismic data show the basin in which this second core was collected. There is a pencil line showing the location of the core. The vertical axis is in meters (and is approximate because the depth is calculated with an assumed velocity, which is unknown). We think that the core bottomed out in the dark reflector just above the 5820 depth line (representing a layer with an increased impedance compared to the overlying layer, possibly a thick clay unit).</li>
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<li>In summary, here is a map showing our first two core sites. Our Port of Call, Pointe-a-Pitre is shown on the Island of Guadeloupe (PTP). The two cores are the blue dots labeled 1 and 2. The other dots are potential core locations, with color designating the priority.</li>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uzPDTIQHJcs/V0x9n03LGBI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/kn61z6W8q90SnJ7bUDNPqGvEWzuS5olJgCLcB/s1600/antilles_cores_cruise_plan_20160530.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uzPDTIQHJcs/V0x9n03LGBI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/kn61z6W8q90SnJ7bUDNPqGvEWzuS5olJgCLcB/s320/antilles_cores_cruise_plan_20160530.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>chicken quake of the seahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06136876239349584410noreply@blogger.com0